976
PŘEHLEDOVÉ3695200011151111167232285340403465523580
ČLÁNKY4301200011154107169233293349
/4675200011133
REVIEW4733200011157113173207263347
ARTICLES5105200011158120175208264317372423
Left25103200973878103132
atrium2659320097396692112156223
and28993200973984130
atrial3046320097386592111150170
fibrillation3233320097214287115134153173212238257302347
in35973200971964
critically3678320097366282109128165204224243281
ill3976320097193858
patients:40503200974686112131172218244277294
from4361320097235195163
echocardiography45413200974077122166204243270315335379425452492538583620
to51783200972770
therapy52653200972772113140179225263
|5584190011126
29565419001114291
/24458040010732
Anest25228040010752100145178207
intenziv274980400107196794136184221240282
Med.30508040010770115165181
2026;37(1):28-353250804001074487129171186230271291331348363407450478519560
/38558040010732
ANESTEZIOLOGIE39538040010752111155199245290341361424467526585606650
A46248040010753
INTENZIVNÍ4699804001071978123168226276296344405425
MEDICÍNA51468040010770114173194248268327381
www.aimjournal.cz4258040010765133201214257275349367415463490539579598614654693
Introduction425580015340115166227293365436493547587653726
The42576001074292136
incidence58676001071966107126175219267307350
of96176001074872
supraventricular105876001073380130157198238281329356383402443490509550576
arrhythmias16597600107416794143182213261335353393427
(SVA)211176001072464110159182
in231876001071967
intensive24107600107196793136184217235276320
care275576001074081108151
is42590001071952
high,49990001074867116164179
and70190001074189138
new‑onset86290001074892157185235284317361389
atrial12739000107416895114155174
fibrillation14699000107244493120139158177217244263311360
(NOAF)185190001072481142192234259
in213290001071967
critically22219000107406786114133173215234252292
ill25369000107193756
patients261490001075092119138181230256291
is425104001071952
among4961040010741114163211261
the776104001072876120
most9151040010774122156185
frequent111910400107245194144192236284311
tachyarrhythmias1449104001072869110158196238264291340379410458532550591624
[1–5].209210400109266911115618222721040010716
NOAF23071040010757118169210
is2536104001071952
not2607104001074896124
only2750104001074896115155
a4251180010740
marker4801180010773112138175217242
of738118001074770
disease82311800107486698140179212254
severity,1093118001073376115157182201228269280
but1388118001074996123
it1527118001071845
also158811800107405889136
directly174011800107486591132172202220259
worsens20141180010764110136169212259291
haemodynamics2320118001074787130201249297336384423495513552586
through425132001072875101147195244291
loss732132001071967100133
of881132001074771
atrial96813200107406793112152170
contraction,1154132001074086134161187228268298316364412427
shortening1597132001073380128154185227274293340389
of2002132001074771
diastolic2089132001074867106139168214233251291
time,2396132001072746118162176
decrease2588132001074992133159201241273317
in425146001071967
cardiac510146001074082108156175215256
output,784146001074896125174223251267
and1070146001074089138
increase1226146001071967108134177217250295
in1539146001071967
filling1624146001072444628199147197
pressures1839146001075077120153187234260303337
[1].21941460010926698922821460010716
In2316146001071967
the2402146001072776120
context2540146001074087136162205245275
of2834146001074872
sepsis425160001073479129163182215
and667160001074190140
septic834160001073479129157176217
shock,1078160001073482131173212230
NOAF13351600010758120171213
is1575160001071952
associated1654160001074175109158200219259287330381
with2062160001076585114163
higher2251160001074968118167211238
short‑term2516160001073483132159191215244287314389
morbidity4251740010774123150201220270289317360
and811174001074290140
mortality,9771740010775123151182224243261290333344
as1348174001074175
well14491740010766109129148
as1623174001074175
with1724174001076685114162
an1913174001074189
unfavourable2029174001074896120163203250299326368418438482
long‑term2537174001072068117167195224267293368
prognosis425188001074975121170216263296313345
in786188001071865
patients866188001074990116134176223249283
who11651880010763111158
survive1339188001073378104147165205247
and1602188001074087135
are1752188001074066108
discharged187518800107486698137184224249296339388
from227818800107235096168
the2462188001072774117
intensive259518800107186591132179211229268311
care425202001074082108151
[2–4].5952020010926721151651897822020010716
The565216001074292136
aim724216001074159133
of880216001074872
this97521600107277694127
review1125216001072769110130173238
is1386216001071952
to1461216001072874
summarise1558216001073481155228269295315347391
the1972216001072877121
incidence2116216001071966107126175219267307350
of2489216001074872
NOAF,25842160010757118169210217
its282421600107184681
clinical42523000107405977125144184226244
consequences,696230001074086135168212262310354402443485519535
options1257230001074898125144192241274
for155723000107247198
prevention1681230001075077120161204252279298346394
and2101230001074189139
treatment,226623000107285597138165239283331358374
and2666230001074189139
to2831230001072874
demonstrate425244001074993167215264297326353394422464
how915244001074997162
bedside1103244001075095145178196245289
echocardiography1419244001074385133181222264290339357405455482523573622660
and2105244001074189139
key2270244001073881121
functional2417244001072473121161192211259307348367
indices,2810244001071967425258001074968108150184200
particularly645258001075091118148167208255274315341361401
the1066258001072776120
left120625800107196386118
atrial134425800107416894114154173
(LA)1537258001072463118142
parameters,1699258001074991117159233277305347374408424
enable2143258001074392132182202246
individualised2408258001071967116135176196245292333352370403447497
decision‑making425272001074892132150182199247294322395435472492539587
between1028272001074993120186229273320
rhythm1364272001072674112142189261
and1641272001074188136
rate179327200107266793135
control1944272001074085133159185231250
in2210272001071966
the2291272001072875118
management24252720010773113160200248292364407454481
of425286001074872
NOAF.5172860010757118168210217
Epidemiology4253100015373144184255314417458523562627690753
NOAF4253280010757118169210
denotes653328001074993141190217260293
atrial96432800107416895114155173
fibrillation115532800107244493120140158177217244263311360
that1533328001072876117144
develops1695328001074993134177196244294328
during2041328001074996123142190239
hospitalisation2298328001074897130180199227268287306338380407426474523
in2839328001071866
a4253420010740
patient481342001074989115134176223249
with746342001076482109156
no918342001074795
previous1028342001074975117157175222269301
history134534200107476597125170196238
of1599342001074770
persistent1685342001074992118151169201229270317343
or2044342001074773
permanent2132342001074993119191231278321368394
atrial254234200107406692110150168
fibrillation27253420010724439111713615442535600107196087106154202
(AF);647356001072476118143157
definitions824356001074993117136184203231250298346379
of1223356001074872
NOAF13153560010758119169210
and1546356001074088138
methods17043560010774118146194242292325
of2050356001074771
detection2141356001074993121164205235254302351
vary2512356001074182108152
across2684356001074081108155188221
the425370001072876120
literature56837000107203866109135177204252278321
[5,91237000109267088
6].102237000109467110913700010716
According1130370001075292131177204253271319368
to1522370001072774
the1619370001072876121
European1763370001074288114161211256296344
Society2131370001074190131150193221264
of2418370001074872
Cardiology2513370001075193119167186234254302352392
(ESC)425384001072465108159185
guidelines636384001074997115164208228246294338372
for103438400107237198
atrial115838400107416895114154173
fibrillation,135738400107244493120139158177217244263311360375
the1759384001072776120
minimum1905384001077492140159232279353
episode2284384001074493113145194244288
duration2598384001074996123164191210258307
required425398001072770119167186212255305
for75439800107247198
diagnosis876398001074968108158206254288306339
is1239398001071851
301314398001074488
seconds;1426398001073378119165214264297311
only1761398001074897116156
episodes1941398001074493112145194244288321
of2286398001074872
this238239800107287795128
length2534398001071963111160189237
are2795398001074167110
classified425412001074059100133166184208228272322
as771412001074174
sustained869412001073481114143184203251295345
atrial123841200107416895114155173
fibrillation143641200107234392119139157176217244262310359
[7].18194120010926739919174120010716
The1957412001074291136
reported2117412001072669119168195226268318
incidence2460412001071866107125175219267307350
of2834412001074872
NOAF4254260010757118169210
in652426001071967
sepsis736426001073478128161179212
varies965426001074182109128172206
depending1188426001074993142187236285304351401
on1606426001074897
the1720426001072876120
definition1857426001074993117137185203231250298347
used2221426001074881125175
and2413426001074189138
the2569426001072776120
monitoring2706426001077412217142544000107194793120140187237
strategy.67844000107346390131158201251291303
In998440001071967
cohorts1081440001074087136184211242276
of1374440001074872
critically146344000107406686114132173214233251291
ill177144000107193756
patients,1844440001074991118137180229255290306
it2167440001071947
ranges2230440001072768116166210243
from249044000107245198172
7–14%2679440001074484123162227
[3–6]425454001092672118168193
and641454001074189138
further80345400107237299130178222248
increases1075454001071967107134177217250294328
with1426454001076584113161
disease1610454001074968101145185218262
severity,1896454001073378118161188207235278289
reaching2209454001072669109150198217264314
as2546454001074174
high2644454001074867116164
as2831454001074174
46%425468001074488153
in594468001071966
septic676468001073377126153171211
shock903468001073380128168205
[5].11244680010925699412164680010716
Continuous1248468001075096144171189236283330378410
ECG1674468001074292144
monitoring18344680010773121169187214260287306353401
additionally2251468001074190138156184202250297337356374413
shows2680468001073481128192226
that425482001072878119147
some599482001073483159204
episodes830482001074595115148198249294328
are1186482001074168112
subclinical1325482001073482133175194213262281322365384
and1736482001074291141
only1904482001074999118159
detectable2090482001075095123167209240282333353398
on2515482001074998
a26404820010742
more27094820010775124152196
detailed425496001074993121162181200244294
analysis740496001074189129148188222240273
of1034496001074872
recorded1127496001072770111158185233277327
data;1475496001074990117158173
different166949600107496892119163189232280307
thresholds1997496001072876103145179227275295344377
and2395496001074189139
detection2555496001074993121163204235253301350
methods4255100010773117144192240290322
therefore763510001072876119145188211258285327
substantially1107510001073379128162190231279305323363382400440
contribute1563510001074086134160187206255302330372
to1952510001072773
the2042510001072775119
heterogeneity2177510001074891119161187233283327374418436464506
of2699510001074871
the2787510001072775119
reported425524001072770119168195226269319
incidences763524001071967108126175220268308351384
[6,116752400109267089
8].127552400109467013435240010716
The565538001074291135
occurrence716538001074889127174201227270318358400
of1132538001074872
NOAF12205380010757118168209
is1445538001071951
associated1513538001074073106154195214253280322372
with1901538001076584112160
adverse2077538001074190131173200234277
short‑term2371538001073381129155186211238281307381
and2768538001074188137
long‑term425552001071965113160187214255281353
clinical79355200107405875122139178218236
outcomes.1045552001074793120158203275318350366
In1426552001071966
critically150755200107396583110128167207225243281
ill180455200107183653
patients,1873552001074889115133175222248281296
it2185552001071845
is2245552001071950
linked231055200107193783120161210
to2535552001072773
a26235520010740
higher2678552001074865113159202228
risk42556600107274679116
of565566001074872
ischaemic66056600107195293141181225299318358
stroke,104256600107336289136174218232
longer1298566001071967116165209236
hospital1557566001074897130180199227268287
stay,1868566001073362104143154
and2046566001074189138
increased2208566001071966107134176217250294344
mortality25765660010774122149180221240259287329
[2,42558000109257189
5,529580001094663
9].6085800010945696755800010716
In707580001071866
the789580001072775118
prospective923580001074976122155203248288318336377419
multicentre13585800010773120138166184224266313339365408
AFIB‑ICU1782580001075293110154182202253308
study,2106580001073362109158197208
patients2330580001075090117135178226252286
with2632580001076584111159
AF,280758000107529299
compared425594001074087161210252278321371
with813594001076584112161
those990594001072876125158202
without1209594001076584112161209257285
AF,1511594001075394101
had1628594001074989139
a17845940010740
higher1841594001074867116164208235
incidence2092594001071967108126175219267308350
of2459594001074872
ischaemic254859400107195192140181225298317357
thromboembolic425608001072774100146218267315359431479527546564603
events1043608001074383125172198232
(13.6%129160800107236298113156221
vs.152760800107407389
7.9%),163260800107434990156177190
more18386080010772120146188
episodes2041608001074392110142189238281314
of2370608001074771
major24566080010773113131178204
bleeding2675608001074968111155204425622001071966115
(5.9%55662200107236579121187
vs.75962200107417490
2.1%),86562200107445997157178191
and1072622001074188137
higher1225622001074866114162205231
in‑hospital147262200107196694143190223272291318359378
mortality18666220010773121147178218237255282324
(41.2%2206622001072465102113158223
vs.244562200107417490
25.2%)2551622001074487102147212233
[4].28006220010925699228906220010716
After425636001075276107149175
discharge616636001074967100140187228254302345
from97763600107245198171
the1165636001072775119
intensive130063600107196693135183215233274317
care,1633636001074081107150164
patients1813636001075091118136179227254288
who21176360010765113161
developed2294636001074993133176195243292337386
NOAF26976360010757117167208
during425650001074996123142190239
sepsis685650001073377127161179212
remain917650001072669143184202250
at1188650001074068
a12766500010741
substantial1337650001073481130164193234282309328368387
risk174465000107274679117
of1881650001074872
AF1973650001075394
recurrence2088650001072669110158184212254303343386
(as249465000107246296
many26106500010774114162201
as2831650001074174
55%425664001074485149
over597664001074888131158
57786640010744
years)845664001073982123149183204
and1072664001074189139
experience1234664001074383133178204224267316356399
unfavourable1655664001074896120162202249297324365415434478
long‑term2156664001071968116166193221264290365
outcomes2544664001074896124163209283328361
(ischaemic42567800107244275116164204248322341381
stroke,82667800107336289136175218232
heart1078678001074892132159190
failure,128767800107246685104151177220235
and1541678001074189139
mortality)16996780010774123150181222241259287330353
[10].207167800109266911113622056780010716
Pathophysiology:4257020015371133184258323393466527581622687726790853917952
NOAF13997020015381164247321
and17437020015362137208
the19747020015351124183
left2180702001533998147201
atrium24047020015362113174215287391
in4257160015338114
septic5627160015351112182235276334
shock9197160015351125190249323
The425734001074292136
development581734001074993134177196244295369413461488
of1089734001074872
NOAF11827340010757118168210
in1412734001071967
critically149973400107406786114133173215233252292
ill181173400107193856
patients1888734001075091118137181229256291
is2199734001071952
multifactorial22717340010774121140168187211253293324370397417457476
and2767734001074189138
has425748001074889122
not564748001074896123
yet704748001074083111
been831748001075095139187
fully103574800107247291110150
elucidated.1201748001074463110151169218259286328378394
Risk161274800107456597135
factors1763748001072466106137183210244
overlap2024748001074888131157177217267
with2307748001076584112160
those2484748001072876124158202
in2703748001071866
the2786748001072876120
general425762001074992139183209250268
population709762001075098147195213253280298346393
(advanced1118762001072462111151192239279321370
age,1504762001074189133147
obesity,1667762001074797141174192219261273
male19567620010773113131175
sex,2147762001073376115132
arterial229576200107406697139164183223241
hypertension,2553762001074785135179205236277325425776001073452100148164
coronary606776001074087114161210250277320
artery94377600107416798141167210
disease,1170776001074968101145185218262277
heart1464776001074893133159190
failure,167177600107246685103151177220234
genetic1923776001074993141185213232272
predisposition),2212776001075077120170188221270320353371399418466515536550
but2779776001075098126
in304762001071967
the313762001072876120
intensive32816200107196693136184217235276319
care362462001074081108151
setting,379862001073478106136155203252268
sepsis,408962001073478128161180212228
overall434162001074888131158199218237
disease460162001074968100145185218262
severity488762001073377118161188207235278
including518862001071967107126174223242289339
organ304776001074875123164212
failure,32867600107236684103151177220235
and354776001074189139
ARDS371276001075398157198
requiring393776001072669119167186212232280329
mechanical4292760010774119160208249297316356398417
ventilation473576001074184132159178197238265284332381
play514276001075070110149
a5317760010741
particularly53857600107499111830479000107284787135154194220240280
important334690001071892141190217248290338365
role37299000107277493137
[3,38859000109267290
8].3993900010946704061900010716
The409590001074292136
relationship42509000107266988129156175223271304352371420
between468990001074994122190233278326
hypertension,503490001074886137182208239282330363381429478493
coronary3047104001074085112158205245271313
artery337610400107406696138164206
disease,359810400107486698141181213257271
and3884104001074188136
NOAF40361040010757117166207
in4259104001071865
patients4340104001074990116134177225251285
with4641104001076482110157
sepsis4814104001073376125158176207
is5037104001071951
inconsistent5104104001071865105151198231248280308350397423
compared3047118001074086160209250276318368
with3431118001076584111159
the3606118001072876120
general3742118001074892140184210251270
population4028118001074998147195214254281299347395
[11].443911800109256810512645631180010716
Reversible4595118001074589129172198232250299318362
triggers497311800107275473121170214240274
include5263118001071966106125172221264
systemic3047132001073374108137179252271311
inflammation,337413200107196790112152226299339366385433481496
excessive3887132001074383122164197231249289332
sympathetic4236132001073374148197239266314358385404444
activation4696132001074181112130171212239258306354
and5066132001074189138
elevated5221132001074362106146188214257306
catecholamine3047146001074080106148188234282301340412430477520
levels,3582146001071962101143162193209
hypoxia,3806146001074885134182219238277292
acidosis,411414600107407997145192225242274289
hypo-/hypervolaemia,4419146001074785134182210240288326375419444487533552592635707725764779
anaemia,5213146001074187127170242260299314
and3047160001074189138
electrolyte3205160001074463107148178205252272312343386
disturbances3610160001074968101130178204254296344384427461
(especially409016000107246599148193235253293312331371
Mg²+448116000107701191464623160006331
and4674160001074189138
K+)48321600010745487316000633149031600010724
[6,494616000109267089
12,5054160001094686105
13].517816000109468711052861600010716
Outside31871740010760109137172190239283
the3494174001072876120
intensive363717400107196794136185218236277320
care3980174001074182108151
setting,4155174001073377105136155202252267
the4446174001072876120
arrhythmogenic458917400107416795143182213261335383433477526544584
substrate5197174001073380130163192219261288330
of3047188001074872
paroxysmal3139188001074991117164202245279352393412
AF3571188001075294
is3684188001071952
in3755188001071967
most38421880010773122155184
cases4046188001074082115159193
located4258188001072068109150178220270
in4548188001071966
the4634188001072876120
region4774188001072669119138186235
of5028188001074872
the5120188001072876120
pulmonary52601880010749981171902383047202001074889115158
vein3230202001074184102150
orifices340520200107487594118138178220254
entering3684202001074392118161187207255304
the4012202001072877121
left415720200107196387119
atrium430020200107416895114161235
[14].455920200109266911013446922020010716
In4732202001071967
critically482420200107406686114133173214233252292
ill514020200107193857
patients,5221202001075091119137181229256291307
accelerated3047216001074283123166186231259301329373424
electrical3498216001074565110152183211231272314334
and3859216001074291142
structural402821600107346491141183214263290333352
changes4408216001074090131181231276311
also474621600107426195144
occur4918216001074891130179206
elsewhere515221600107446497143209259304332376
in3047230001071967
the3140230001072877121
myocardium32872300010774113161202244270318337385458
and3772230001074189139
contribute3937230001074087136163189209258307335378
to4341230001072875
atrial444223000107416895115155174
remodelling.4643230001072669143192242286306324343391440456
Acute5126230001075392140169211
conditions5364230001074087135304724400107496897116164214247
such3321244001073481122171
as3518244001074275
myocardial36202440010774113161203245272321340380400
ischaemia404624400107195293142183228302321362
and4435244001074189139
systemic4601244001073475110139182257275316
inflammation494424400107196791114155229303345372391440489
in5460244001071967
sepsis3047258001073478127161179212
promote3277258001075077124198246273316
remodelling3611258001072770143192242286305324342390439
and4068258001074189139
may42252580010773114153
initiate439625800107196785113132172199242
atrial465625800107416895114154173
myocardial48472580010774112160201243269317336376395
fibrosis,526025800107244493120167201219251267
thereby3047272001072876120147190239279
increasing3344272001071967108134177217250269317366
the3728272001072877121
susceptibility3867272001073481114155197247274293342362380399427469
to4355272001072874
triggers444827200107285574123172216243277
and4744272001074189138
the4901272001072776120
development5039272001074993134177197245295369413461488
of3047286001074873
SVA3147286001074289138
[15].331228600109267011113734472860010716
During34902860010758108134154203253
septic3770286001073378129157176217
shock,4014286001073382131173211230
vasoplegia4270286001074284118167217237282333352393
leads4690286001071963104154188
to4905286001072875
a50072860010741
reduction5075286001072770121169210241260309358
in5460286001071967
systemic3047300001073475110139182257276317
vascular3390300001074284117159207226267294
resistance3711300001072770104123156186227276317360
and4098300001074190140
marked42653000010774115142181225276
fluctuations456730000107244795136167215257284303352401435
in5028300001071968
preload.5123300001075077121140189231281298
At5448300001075379
the3047314001072876120
same3190314001073475149193
time,3406314001072847120164179
excessive3607314001074484123166199233251292335
β₁‑adrenergic396531400107496997137187213256304349375423442482
stimulation447031400107336281155202221262289308356404
and4897314001074189138
chronotropic5058314001074088114162210259286313360410429469
dysregulation3047328001074989123149192242290309349376395443492
are3557328001074168111
present,3686328001075077120154198246273289
and3994328001074089138
systolic4151328001073374108137184203222262
as4432328001074174
well45243280010765109128147
as4689328001074175
diastolic4782328001074968108141170217237255295
dysfunction5096328001074989123148197245286316335383431
of3047342001074872
the3141342001072876120
left328334200107196387118
ventricular3423342001074184132159186205246293312353379
(LV)3824342001072464104132
and3978342001074189138
right413834200107274695143170
ventricular4330342001074184132159186205245293312352379
(RV)4731342001072369115142
myocardium48953420010774113160202243269318336383457
may53743420010774115153
develop3047356001074993134177196244294
as3361356001074174
part3455356001075091118149
of3623356001074872
septic3715356001073478127155174214
cardiomyopathy3949356001074081108156175223297335383433474502550588
[16].455735600109266911113646913560010716
The3187370001074292136
LA3345370001074095
fulfils346237000107247392115135154186
three3671370001072776102145190
functions:3883370001072372120161191210258307340355
a42603700010741
reservoir4323370001072669103147174218265284310
in4656370001071866
systole4744370001073475109138185204248
(accumulating5014370001072462103142190263311329370397416464513
blood3047384001075069118167217
from328138400107245198173
the3471384001072876120
pulmonary3609384001074998117190238287328354397
veins);4023384001074184103151184205219
a42603840010740
conduit4318384001074087135185232251279
in4614384001071967
early4698384001074484110130170
diastole4886384001074867107141170216236280
(passively5183384001072474116149183201242285304344
transferring304739800107285596144177202246272299319366416
blood3487398001075070118167217
to3728398001072875
the3827398001072876121
LV3972398001074181
after407839800107406496138165
mitral4267398001077492120147189208
valve4499398001074183101142186
opening);4709398001074898143191210258307330344
and,5078398001074189138153
in5256398001071967
sinus5347398001073452100147180
rhythm3047412001072776115146195269
(SR),3343412001072364108132146
active3515412001074282113132174217
atrial375941200107416895115155175
contraction3960412001074188137164191233274304323372421
in4407412001071968
late450141200107196088131
diastole4658412001074968109143172219239283
(“atrial496841200107245089116143163203222
kick”,521741200107385999138168178
i.5421412001071935
e.5468412001074459
active3047426001074181112131172215
completion3287426001074086161210230274302320368417
of3729426001074872
LV3826426001074081
diastolic3932426001074967107141170216236254295
filling).4252426001072343628099147196219232
In4509426001071967
diastolic4601426001074968108141170217236255295
dysfunction,4921426001074989123148197245286316335383431447
loss5393426001071967101134
of3047440001074872
atrial313744000107416894114154173
contraction3328440001074086135162189230271301320368417
is3762440001071952
clinically383244000107405977125143184225244263303
tolerated415244000107287595139165207234276326
depending4496440001074993143188236285304352401
on4915440001074896
the5029440001072876120
heart5167440001074893133159190
rate,537544000107266895138152
ventricular3047454001074184132159186205245293312352379
elastance,3451454001074463104137166208256296339353
and3830454001074189138
filling3994454001072443628199147196
pressures4216454001075077120153187234260303337
in4578454001071967
the4671454001072876120
LA/LV4817454001074095130171212
[17].505445400109266910813551874540010716
Irregular522845400107194673116166214232273299
RR3047468001074591
intervals315846800107186693136162206248267299
during3476468001074997123142190240
AF3735468001075294
reduce3848468001072669119167207250
cardiac4117468001074081108156175215256
output4392468001074796124174222250
and4661468001074189139
increase4819468001071966107133176217250294
filling5132468001072443628199147196
pressures53474680010750771201543047482001073481107150184
independently3249482001071967116160210255303352396444471490530
of3798482001074872
the3888482001072876120
mean40274820010773118158206
heart4251482001074893133159190
rate445948200107276996138
[1].46154820010926698947034820010716
Patients4737482001074585112131175223250285
with5040482001076584113161
essential5219482001074477111155203230249289308
hypertension,3047496001074988139184211242285334368386435484500
diabetes,3573496001075069110160205233276311327
and3926496001074290140
chronic4093496001074089116163212231272
kidney4392496001073859108157202242
disease4661496001074968101146186220265
frequently495349600107235195145194238287314333374
have5354496001074889130173
diastolic3047510001074968108142171218237256296
dysfunction,3370510001074989123148197245286317335384432448
which38445100010766114133173222
leads4092510001071963103153186
to4304510001072875
structural440651000107336289138178209257283325344
remodelling4777510001072669143192242286306324343391440
and5244510001074189138
left540951000107196387119
atrial304752400107416895114154173
dilatation,324452400107496887127154196223242290338354
and3622524001074189138
may37845240010774115153
create3961524001074167110150177220
an4205524001074189
arrhythmogenic431852400107416794143181213261334383433477525544584
substrate4926524001073481130164193219261288331
in5281524001071866
later537152400107196087130156
stages3047538001073464107157203237
[18].331153800109267011413834485380010716
Left3491538001074186110143
atrial366153800107427097117159178
size386753800107345390134
has4029538001074991125
a41815380010742
high4250538001074969119168
predictive4446538001075078122174193234266285327372
value4845538001074184104152198
for5070538001072473101
both51985380010751101129179
the5404538001072878123
development3047552001074993134177196244294369413461488
of3555552001074771
NOAF36465520010758118169210
and3876552001074189138
its403455200107194782
recurrence4135552001072770111159185212255304344387
[19].454155200109266911013446735520010716
Echocardiographic3047576001537313220627032939345552756863469775882289196410061064
assessment41345760015362116171232286340444503576627
in47845760015339114
critically49215760015356117159210251309373414456517
ill3047590001533880121
patients31915900015370133184225285358409462
with36765900015393135186259
NOAF39585900015380164246321
According3047608001075290127172198245263309357
to3419608001072873
the3507608001072774117
20243639608001074385125163
ESC3818608001074182132
guidelines,3965608001074894112160202221238285327360375
echocardiographic4355608001074383129176216256281328346392441466507554602619658
examination5028608001074382122193211257297323341387434
is5477608001071950
indicated3047622001071966115133173214241283332
in3395622001071966
every3478622001074383126152194
patient3689622001074990117135179226253
with3958622001076483111159
NOAF,41336220010757117167208214
and4363622001074188137
TTE4516622001074288131
should4663622001073481129176195244
be4923622001074994
repeated5033622001072669118162202228270320
with5369622001076584111159
any3047636001074189127
clinically319463600107405977125144184226244263303
significant3517636001073351100149167191211251293341367
change3904636001074088129177226270
in4194636001071966
their4280636001072876120139165
condition4465636001074086135184203231250298347
[7].48316360010926739949296360010716
The4964636001074292136
indications,5119636001071967117135175217244263311360393409
optimal3047650001074899127147221263282
timing,3356650001072847122141189240256
and3639650001074190140
frequency380665000107245296146195240289330373
of4206650001074873
repeat4306650001072670120166207235
TTE4567650001074391135
in4729650001071967
critically482365000107416887116135176219238257298
ill514865000107193857
patients5232650001075092120139184233260295
with3047664001076583111159
SVA3222664001074188136
are3374664001074066109
not3499664001074896123
yet3638664001073982109
standardised3763664001073462103151200240266313332364408457
[13].423666400109256810813143656640010716
Transthoracic4397664001074162103151183212259307334375415433473
echocardiographic48866640010744841321802202612873353534014504765175666143047678001071961
examination3135678001074585128203223272314342361411461
(TTE)3623678001072471120164190
at3840678001074270
the3937678001072878123
bedside4088678001075197148182201252297
in4412678001072069
intensive450867800107196896140190224243285329
care4865678001074183111155
is5047678001071953
an5127678001074291
integral524667800107196896140191218261281
part3047692001075091118149
of3217692001074872
the3310692001072776120
assessment3451692001074174107152185219292336384411
of3883692001074872
any3976692001074189128
circulatory412569200107405885124172190231258305332375
instability452169200107196699128170219239257276304346
[20].488869200109267211714150286920010716
Point‑of‑care5065692001074591110158185209260284309352393420463
ultrasonography304770600107476592118158190237285332380406446494542579
(POCUS)3641706001072468127177232270293
is3950706001071850
used4015706001074779122170
for420170600107236995
rapid4312706001072666114133180
targeted450870600107276793139182209250299
screening482270600107337398140183230248295343
according5180706001074079117162188235253299347
to3047720001072875
recommended3149720001072770112159234308353402452496547
protocols;3723720001075077125153200242289309342357
this410672000107287796129
is4262720001071952
followed434172000107247292111159225269320
by4687720001075090
comprehensive4804720001074088163213240283332377426459478519563
TTE5394720001074290133
for304773400107247198
detailed3172734001074993121162181200244294
quantification3492734001074997137185212231255275315357384403451500
[21].401873400109267211413541517340010716
Comprehensive4193734001075198172222249292340385433466484525569
assessment4788734001074174108152186219293337385412
includes5226734001071967108127174224268302
evaluation3047748001074484126145192233260279327375
of3443748001074872
left353674800107196387119
and3676748001074189138
right383574800107274695143170
ventricular4026748001074084132159185205245293312352379
systolic4426748001073374108137184203222262
function,4709748001072473121161191210258307322
estimation5052748001074478107126199240267286334382
of5455748001074872
cardiac3047762001074082109157176217258
output,3331762001074897125176224253269
estimation3627762001074478107126200241268287336385
of4038762001074973
pulmonary4137762001075099118192241290331357401
artery456476200107416899142169212
pressure,4803762001075077120154188235262305320
pericardial5149762001075096122142183224251300318359378
status,3047776001073463104131179212228
left329977600107196387118
ventricular3441776001074184133159186205246293312353379
diastolic3844776001074968108142171217237255295
function,4164776001072372120161191210258307322
which45107760010765114132173221
includes4755776001071866107126173223267300
examination5079776001074484125199217265306333352400448